Method and apparatus for employing dynamic range mapping information for hdr image decoder considering backward compatibility

ABSTRACT

The present invention enables efficient decoding by using DR mapping information between a base layer and an enhancement layer in various manners in an HDR decoder considering backward compatibility.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/584,984filed on Sep. 27, 2019, which is a continuation of application Ser. No.15/183,492 filed on Jun. 15, 2016, which claims the benefit of KoreanPatent Application No. 10-2015-0085474, filed on Jun. 16, 2015, theentire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for allpurposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to image processing technology, and moreparticularly, to a method for using Dynamic Range (DR) mappinginformation in a High Dynamic Range (HDR) image decoder consideringbackward compatibility.

BACKGROUND ART

Demands for high-definition image service and high-quality image servicesuch as Full High Definition (FHD) and Ultra High Definition (UHD) haverecently been increased.

DISCLOSURE Technical Problem

An object of embodiments of the present invention is to provide a methodand apparatus for using Dynamic Range (DR) mapping information between abase layer and an enhancement layer in a High Dynamic Range (HDR) imagedecoder considering backward compatibility.

The objects of the present invention are not limited to the foregoingdescriptions, and additional objects will become apparent to thosehaving ordinary skill in the pertinent art to the present inventionbased upon the following descriptions.

Technical Solution

An embodiment of the present invention devised to achieve the aboveobject includes a step and method for using DR mapping information in anHDR image decoder considering backward compatibility.

A methd of decoding a video may comprise determining a mapping valuerelating to a image signal of a current block, decoding the image signalof the current block based on the mapping value, and reconstructing thecurrent block using the image signal.

The mapping value may be defined for each predetermined interval.

The mapping value may be determined based on a mapping index which issignaled from an encoder.

The image signal of the current block may be decoded by inverse-mappingto a image signal corresponding to the mapping value.

The inverse-mapping may be performed by using a mapping table whichdefines a relation between the mapping value and the image signal.

The inverse-mapping may be performed by using mapping informationindicating a mapping relation between the mapping value and the imagesignal.

The mapping information may include at least one of first informationindicating a size of an interval to which the image belongs or secondinformation indicating a gradient of the interval.

The image signal of the current block may be representative of anoriginal signal of the current block or a residual signal relating tothe current block.

Advantageous Effects

According to the foregoing technical solution, an HDR image decoderconsidering backward compatibility can efficiently decode and use DRmapping information.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an HDR image decoder considering backwardcompatibility according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another HDR image decoder consideringbackward compatibility according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary view illustrating a step for decoding DynamicRange (DR) mapping information according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a method for decoding DR mappinginformation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates an algorithm for performing an exemplary method fordecoding DR mapping information.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a method for selecting DR mappinginformation according to image characteristics according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates an algorithm for performing an exemplary method forselecting DR mapping information according to image characteristics.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary view illustrating a method for using DR mappinginformation.

BEST MODE TO CARRY OUT THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail withreference to the attached drawings so that those skilled in the art mayreadily implement the present invention. However, the present inventionmay be implemented in various different ways, not limited to thedescribed embodiments. Lest it should obscure the subject matter of thepresent invention, a part that is not related to the description of thepresent invention is omitted. Like reference numerals denote the samecomponents throughout the specification.

When it is said that a component is connected to another component, itshould be understood that the one component may be electricallyconnected to the other component, with a third component in between. Inthe present disclosure, when it is said that a part includes acomponent, this signifies the probable presence of another component,not excluding the presence of the component, unless otherwise specified.

Through the specification, when it is said that a part includes acomponent, this signifies the probable presence of another component,not excluding the presence of the component, unless otherwise specified.As used in the specification, a step of or a step to does not mean astep for.

The term as used herein, first or second may be used to describe variouscomponents, not limiting the components. These expressions may be usedto distinguish one component from another component.

In addition, components as used in embodiments of the present inventionare shown independently to represent different characteristic functions,not meaning that each component is configured separately in a hardwareor software unit. That is, each component is separately described forthe convenience of description. At least two components may beincorporated into a single component or one component may be dividedinto a plurality of components. An embodiment in which components areincorporated into a single component or one component may be dividedinto a plurality of components also falls within the scope of thepresent invention.

Terms as used in the present application are described below in brief.

A image decoder as described later may be a device included in a serverterminal such as a Personal Computer (PC), a laptop computer, a PortableMultimedia Player (PMP), a wireless communication terminal, asmartphone, a TV application server, and a service server. The imagedecoder may refer to various devices each including a user terminal suchas various devices, a communication device such as a communication modemfor conducting communication with a wired/wireless communicationnetwork, a memory for storing programs and data for decoding a image orperforming inter-screen or intra-screen prediction for image decoding,and a microprocessor for performing computation and control by executingprograms.

A image encoded into bit streams by an encoder may be transmitted to aimage decoder in real time or non-real time through a wired/wirelesscommunication network such as the Internet, a short-range wirelesscommunication network, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), a WirelessBroadband (WiBro) network, and a mobile communication network or viavarious communication interfaces such as a cable and a Universal SerialBus (USB). Then, the image decoder may recover and reproduce thereceived bit streams into the image.

A scalable image refers to a image in which a compressed bit stream isconfigured hierarchically so as to be decoded at any bit rate. Asingle-layer decoder decodes only one bit stream supporting only one bitrate, frame rate, and image size, whereas a multi-layer image decodermay support scalability for various bit rates, frame rates, and imagesizes.

In the Scalable Image Coding (SVC) standard, one bit stream is decodedinto a plurality of image layers and each layer has its own bit rate,frame rate, image size, and image quality. In other words, one bitstream may include a base layer and scalable enhancement layers. Ingeneral, a image of the enhancement layer may be encoded to have ahigher image quality than a image of a previous base layer. The term asused herein, a scalable image decoder may include a multi-layer imagedecoder.

Dynamic Range (DR) typically means the difference between a maximumsignal and a minimum signal that a measuring system may measure at thesame time. The DR may refer to a brightness range in which a image maybe represented in the field of image processing and image compression.

Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) has a contrast ratio of 1,000:1 and amaximum brightness of 100 nits. In general, the SDR is called a standardcontrast ratio.

High Dynamic Range (HDR) typically refers to a contrast ratio equal toor larger than 100,000:1 and has a maximum brightness of 4,000 nits. TheHDR corresponds to a brightness range perceivable to the human eyeswithout luminance adaptation.

Enhanced Dynamic Range (EDR) refers to a contrast ratio between those ofthe SDR and HDR (i.e. equal to or lager than 1,000:1 and below100,000:1). The EDR has a maximum brightness of 1,000 nits.

Further, an HDR image as used herein refers to a image having an HDR. Incontrast to an SDR image, an HDR image may include a image havingdynamic ranges being HDR and EDR.

In general, a image may be comprised of a series of pictures and eachpicture may be divided into predetermined areas called blocks. Thoseskilled in the art will understand that the term picture as usedhereinbelow is interchangeably used with equivalent terms such as imageand frame.

Now, a detailed description will be given of embodiments of the presentinvention with reference to the attached drawings. A redundantdescription of the same components will be avoided in describing thepresent invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an HDR image decoder considering backwardcompatibility according to an embodiment of the present invention.

An input bit stream 100 may include a bit stream for a base-layer imageand a bit stream for an enhancement-layer image. The input bit stream100 may further include DR mapping information. Like an LDR or SDRimage, a base-layer image is a image having a narrower DR than anenhancement-layer image. Like an EDR or HDR image, an enhancement-layerimage is a image having a wider DR than a base-layer image.

A base-layer decoder 101 receives data of the base-layer image in thebit stream and decodes the received data. A tone demapper 102 maps theDR of the base-layer image recovered by the base-layer decoder 101 tothe DR of the enhancement-layer image. Herein, data about mappinginformation may be extracted or induced from the bit stream.

An enhancement-layer decoder 103 receives the image mapped to the DR ofthe enhancement layer through the tone demapper 102 and data of theenhancement-layer image in the bit stream, and decodes theenhancement-layer image.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of another HDR image decoder consideringbackward compatibility according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

An input bit stream 200 may include a bit stream of an enhancement-layerimage and DR mapping information.

An enhancement-layer decoder 201 receives data in the bit stream anddecodes the enhancement-layer image.

A tone mapper 202 may generate a recovered base-layer image by mappingthe DR of the recovered image received from the enhancement-layerdecoder 201 to the DR of the base-layer image. Data relating to themapping information may be extracted or induced from the bit stream.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary view illustrating unit-level transmission of DRmapping information according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Mapping_syntax 300 is data corresponding to DR mapping information. TheDR mapping information may include information used to adjust the DR ofan enhancement-layer image to the DR of a base-layer image or the DR ofa base-layer image to the DR of an enhancement-layer image, such as DRmapping table information, DR parameter information, DR mapping indexinformation, etc.

The DR mapping table information may be information about a tableillustrating a DR mapping relationship between an enhancement layer anda base layer. The DR mapping table information may be defined as asingle table applied commonly to one video sequence or a plurality oftables selectively available for predetermined units (e.g., a picture,slice, or block unit). Or a current unit may be controlled to invoke thesame DR mapping table information of a neighbor unit in consideration ofcorrelations between predetermined units. The correlations between thepredetermined units may be determined, taking into account the ranges ofpixel values of the predetermined units.

The DR parameter information may refer to parameters for modeling the DRmapping relationship between the enhancement layer and the base layer.For example, the parameters may include a parameter for DR adjustment,predetermined scaling factor information used for DR mapping, and offsetinformation for compensating a DR.

The DR mapping index information may mean data for selectively usingcorresponding information, in the presence of a plurality of DR mappingtables or a plurality of pieces of DR parameter information. The DRmapping index information may increase coding efficiency throughdifferential coding.

For example, only a differential value may be encoded as DR mappingindex information allocated to a current block (a current slice, acurrent picture, etc.), using DR mapping index information allocated toa previous block (a previous slice, a previous picture, etc.) as aprediction value. The previous block may refer to an encoded blockbefore the current block, including at least one of blocks adjacent tothe current block.

The above description of mapping_syntax is an example and mapping_syntaxmay be implemented actually in a different manner. It is obvious that atleast one of the above-described pieces of DR mapping information may beacquired from mapping_syntax encoded in an encoder or induced by adecoder.

Further, at least one of the above-described pieces of DR mappinginformation may decoded in a unit such as a Video Parameter Set (VPS), aSequence Parameter Set (SPS), a Picture Parameter Set (PPS), a slice, acoding block, a prediction block, a transform block, etc., or anadditional message (Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI)). The atleast one of the above-described pieces of DR mapping information may bedecoded and applied in a different manner depending on a luminancecomponent and a chrominance component.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a method for decoding DR mappinginformation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

A mapping information decision unit 400 determines DR mappinginformation for use in image decoding. The mapping information decisionunit 400 may include at least one of a mapping information decoder 401,a mapping information selector 402, or a mapping information modifier403.

The mapping information decoder 401 decodes data of DR mappinginformation, and the mapping information selector 402 selects mappinginformation based on information acquired from the mapping informationdecoder 401. The whole mapping information may be received from a videoencoder and specific mapping information may be selected from thereceived whole mapping information based on an index. Or a plurality ofpieces of mapping information may be pre-defined in the video decoder.In this case, only an index may be received and mapping information maybe selected based on the received index. Since the mapping informationhas been described in detail with reference to FIG. 3, its detaileddescription will not be provided herein.

The mapping information modifier 403 modifies the whole or part of themapping information selected by the mapping information selector 402. Ifthe current mapping information to be used for decoding is identical toexisting mapping information, the mapping information modifier 403 usesthe mapping information using the decoded information received from themapping information selector 402. If the current mapping information isonly partially different from the existing mapping information, themapping information modifier 403 receives only data of a part needingmodification. Thus, the mapping information may be reconfigured with asmall amount of data.

In the case of DR mapping table information as an example of data thatcan be used in the mapping information modifier 403, at least one of theposition of data to be modified in a table, a modification value, or adifference between a value in an existing table and a current value tobe used may be used.

A mapping information applier 404 applies the mapping informationacquired from the mapping information decision unit 400 to a image to bedecoded.

FIG. 5 illustrates an algorithm for performing an exemplary method fordecoding DR mapping information.

A mapping information selection decoder 500 decodes a syntax indicatingmapping information selection or mapping information decoding. Ifmapping_sel_flag is 0, a mapping information decoder 501 decodes mappinginformation. If mapping_sel_flag is 1, a mapping information selector502 selects part of pre-defined mapping information in the videodecoder.

A mapping information modification decoder 503 determines whether tomodify the mapping information selected by the mapping informationselector 502. If mapping_fix_flag is 0, the mapping information is usedwithout modification. If mapping_fix_flag is 1, the mapping informationis used after it is partially modified by a mapping information modifier504. Since the method for modifying mapping information partially hasbeen described before with reference to FIG. 4, its detailed descriptionis not provided herein.

Finally, a mapping information applier 505 applies the mappinginformation determined in the above operation to a image to be decoded.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a method for selecting DR mappinginformation according to image characteristics according to anembodiment of the present invention.

A mapping information decision unit 600 determines DR mappinginformation for use in image decoding. The mapping information decisionunit 600 may include at least one of a image characteristic analyzer601, a mapping information selector 602, or a mapping informationmodifier 603.

The image characteristic analyzer 601 analyzes the whole or part of acurrent image to be decoded. For example, a result of analyzing apicture or block of a base-layer image or an enhancement-layer image atthe positon of a current image to be decoded is compared with previousanalysis results and then a position having a similar result isdetected.

The mapping information selector 602 selects mapping information for theposition having the similar analysis result based on the analysis resultobtained through the image characteristic analyzer 601. The mappinginformation modifier 603 partially modifies the mapping informationselected by the mapping information selector 602. If it is determinedthrough the image characteristic analyzer that a image characteristicfor the current position to be decoded is similar to a imagecharacteristic for the selected position, the mapping information isused without any modification. If the image characteristics arepartially different, the information for the corresponding position ismodified. If modification is required, the decoder may modify a table orparameter of mapping information based on the analysis result or maymodify it based on information required for the modification, receivedfrom the encoder. In this case, the modification method described inFIG. 4 is also applicable in the same/similar manner.

A mapping information applier 604 applies the mapping informationobtained through the mapping information decision unit 600 to an imageto be decoded.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary view illustrating a method for using DR mappinginformation.

The DR may be used in a mapping embodiment for an original signalrelating to each of HDR and SDR. In the illustrated graph, thehorizontal axis(input value) represents DR values of anenhancement-layer image and the vertical axis(mapping value) representsDR values of a base-layer image. Now, a description will be given of amethod for mapping the DR of an enhancement-layer image to the DR of abase-layer image using decoded data. In a similar method, the DR of abase-layer image may be mapped to the DR of an enhancement-layer imageusing decoded data.

A delta (δ) 800 represents the size of each segment of the DR of anenhancement-layer image and an alpha (α) 801 represents the inclinationof each DR segment. That is, mapping information between anenhancement-layer image and a base-layer image may be represented by αand δ. According to an embodiment of the present invention, α and δ maybe decoded at various levels as illustrated in FIG. 3 and the decodeddata may be used as follows.

Information indicating whether δ is equal across all DR segments may besignaled. This may be signaled at a high decoding level (e.g., a VPS, anSPS, etc.).

If δ is equal across all segments according to the signaling, δ may bedecoded only once at a corresponding decoding level. On the other hand,if δ is different in each DR segment, δ may be decoded as in [Equation1] and [Equation 2] or used by adding δ to previous information. Forthis purpose, information indicating whether δ is prediction-encodedbased on previous information may be signaled. Herein, the previousinformation may be the size of a segment previous to the current segmentor the middle, mean, most frequent, minimum, or maximum value of thesizes of a plurality of segments previous to the current segment. In[Equation 1], δ_(cur) represents the size of a current segment at adecoding time point. In [Equation 2], δ_(prev) represents the size of aprevious segment. δ_(diff) is the difference between δ_(cur) andδ_(prev), which is already calculated in the video encoder and thentransmitted to the video decoder. The video decoder may calculate δ bysumming δ_(diff) and δ_(prev).

δ=δ_(cur)   [Equation 1]

δ=δ_(diff)+δ_(prev)   [Equation 2]

Information indicating whether α is equal across all segments may besignaled. This may be signaled at a high decoding level (e.g., a VPS, anSPS, etc.).

If α is equal across all DR segments according to the signaling, α maybe decoded only once at a corresponding decoding level. On the otherhand, if α is different in each segment, α may be decoded as in[Equation 3] and [Equation 4] or used by adding α to previousinformation. For this purpose, information indicating whether α isprediction-encoded based on previous information may be signaled.Herein, the previous information may be the inclination of a segmentprevious to the current part or the middle, mean, most frequent,minimum, or maximum value of the inclinations of a plurality of segmentsprevious to the current segment. In [Equation 3], α_(cur) represents theinclination of a current part at a decoding time point. In [Equation 4],α_(prev) represents the inclination of a previous segment. α_(diff) isthe difference between α_(cur) and α_(prev), which is already calculatedin the image encoder and then transmitted to the image decoder. Theimage decoder may calculate α by summing α_(diff) and α_(prev).

α=α_(cur)   [Equation 3]

α=α_(diff)+α_(prev)   [Equation 4]

Herein, the decoded inclination may be an already calculated result asin [Equation 5] or the difference between y-axis values. In this case, αmay be calculated by [Equation 6]. Or α may be induced by [Equation 5]or [Equation 6] in the video decoder. For example, α may be determined,taking into account the size of an HDR segment and the size of an SDRsegment corresponding to the HDR segment.

$\begin{matrix}{{\alpha = \frac{y_{n} - y_{n - 1}}{x_{m} - x_{m - 1}}},{0 < m < H_{\max}},{0 < n < S_{\max}},} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \right\rbrack \\{{\alpha = \frac{y_{diff}}{\delta}},{y_{diff} = {y_{n} - y_{n - 1}}}} & \left\lbrack {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6} \right\rbrack\end{matrix}$

According to the embodiment, DR mapping of FIG. 8 may be applied for aresidual signal. In the embodiment, an input value of the horizontalaxis (i.e., residual signal) may be expressed as a mapping value of thevertical axis by FIG. 8. When this expression method is used at anencoder, a mapping value may be inverse-mapped to a residual signalbeing a input value based on FIG. 8 in the decoding process. FIG. 8illustrates that an interval of the input value is mapped to an intervalof the mapping value. An interval of the mapping value may be smallerthan an interval of the input value. An interval of the mapping valuemay be equal to or greater than an interval of the input value. A lengthof each interval relating to the mapping value and the input value maybe the same or different from each other. A predetermined mapping valuemay be set for each interval. A predetermined mapping value may be apre-defined value or derived variably. According to the embodiment, amapping graph may be represented to be discontinuous. In the embodiment,delta (800) represents a size of each interval for a residual signalbeing a input value and alpha (801) represents a gradient of eachinterval. A mapping relation between a residual signal and a mappingvalue may be expressed based on the delta and the alpha. The process ofmapping a residual signal to a mapping value or inverse-mapping amapping value to a residual signal may be performed based on the methodmentioned above or any method similar to the method mentioned above. Amapping or inverse-mapping process may be performed using at least oneof equations (1)-(6). A mapping or inverse-mapping process may beperformed using a mapping table which represents the relation between aninput value and a mapping value. Also, a signal may be reconstructed bymapping the residual signal to any other gradient value according to asize of a predictive signal. The gradient value may be determined usingthe accumulate sum through the received residual parameter. The mappingto any other gradient value may be calculated based on at least one ofarithmetic operation (e.g., addition, subtraction, multiplication,division) or shift operation. A reconstructed value may be generated byadding this mapped value to the predictive value. A reconstructed valuemay be stored in a memory after a in-loop filtering process is appliedto a reconstructed value.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of decoding an image, the methodcomprising: analyzing an image characteristic of a current image byusing one or more pixels of a current block and one or more pixels of aneighboring block; determining mapping information based on the analyzedimage characteristic; and decoding the current image based on themapping information, wherein the mapping information is determined basedon a mapping information parameter of the neighboring block and aplurality of intervals, the plurality of intervals being obtained bydividing a luminance range for the current image, and the determiningthe mapping information comprises identifying an interval for thecurrent image from among the plurality of intervals based on theanalyzed image characteristic; obtaining modification informationcorresponding to the identified interval; and modifying the mappinginformation by adding the mapping information and the modificationinformation, wherein whether to modify the mapping information isdetermined based on a flag transmitted from an image encoding apparatus,wherein the modification information is included in a sequence parameterset (SPS) in a bitstream received from an image encoding apparatus,wherein the modification information is received for an interval whichneeds to be modified, and wherein the modification information comprisesinformation on a position of the interval which needs to be modified anda modification value needed for the modification.
 2. A method ofencoding an image, the method comprising: analyzing an imagecharacteristic of a current image by using one or more pixels of acurrent block and one or more pixels of a neighboring block; determiningmapping information based on the analyzed image characteristic; andencoding the current image based on the mapping information, wherein themapping information is determined based on a mapping informationparameter of the neighboring block and a plurality of intervals, theplurality of intervals being obtained by dividing a luminance range forthe current image, and the determining the mapping information comprisesidentifying an interval for the current image from among the pluralityof intervals based on the analyzed image characteristic; obtainingmodification information corresponding to the identified interval; andmodifying the mapping information by adding the mapping information andthe modification information, wherein a flag used to determine whetherto modify the mapping information is encoded by an image encodingapparatus, wherein the modification information is encoded into asequence parameter set (SPS) by an image encoding apparatus, wherein themodification information is encoded for an interval which needs to bemodified, and wherein the modification information comprises informationon a position of the interval which needs to be modified and amodification value needed for the modification.
 3. A non-transitorycomputer-readable recording medium storing a bitstream that is executedby a video decoding apparatus to perform a method of decoding an image,the method comprising: analyzing an image characteristic of a currentimage by using one or more pixels of a current block and one or morepixels of a neighboring block; determining mapping information based onthe analyzed image characteristic; and decoding the current image basedon the mapping information, wherein the mapping information isdetermined based on a mapping information parameter of the neighboringblock and a plurality of intervals, the plurality of intervals beingobtained by dividing a luminance range for the current image, and thedetermining the mapping information comprises identifying an intervalfor the current image from among the plurality of intervals based on theanalyzed image characteristic; obtaining modification informationcorresponding to the identified interval; and modifying the mappinginformation by adding the mapping information and the modificationinformation, wherein whether to modify the mapping information isdetermined based on a flag transmitted from an image encoding apparatus,wherein the modification information is included in a sequence parameterset (SPS) in a bitstream received from an image encoding apparatus,wherein the modification information is received for an interval whichneeds to be modified, and wherein the modification information comprisesinformation on a position of the interval which needs to be modified anda modification value needed for the modification.
 4. A method oftransmitting a bitstream generated by encoding an image using anencoding method, the encoding method comprising: analyzing an imagecharacteristic of a current image by using one or more pixels of acurrent block and one or more pixels of a neighboring block; determiningmapping information based on the analyzed image characteristic; andencoding the current image based on the mapping information, wherein themapping information is determined based on a mapping informationparameter of the neighboring block and a plurality of intervals, theplurality of intervals being obtained by dividing a luminance range forthe current image, and the determining the mapping information comprisesidentifying an interval for the current image from among the pluralityof intervals based on the analyzed image characteristic; obtainingmodification information corresponding to the identified interval; andmodifying the mapping information by adding the mapping information andthe modification information, wherein a flag used to determine whetherto modify the mapping information is encoded by an image encodingapparatus, wherein the modification information is encoded into asequence parameter set (SPS) by an image encoding apparatus, wherein themodification information is encoded for an interval which needs to bemodified, and wherein the modification information comprises informationon a position of the interval which needs to be modified and amodification value needed for the modification.